Prevention: Torah Perspectives on Preserving Health
by Yosef Ben Shlomo Hakohen and Richard H. Schwartz, Ph. D.
Since maintaining a healthy and sound body is among the ways of G-d -- for one cannot understand or have any knowledge of the Creator if he is ill -- therefore he must avoid that which harms the body and accustom himself to that which is helpful and helps the body become stronger.
Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Deot 4:1Health care issues are clearly among the most critical facing the United States today. National health care costs have been soaring; they have increased from 6% of the United States gross national product in 1970 to over 14% in 1994, and are projected to reach 20% in 10 to 12 years. Millions of Americans lack adequate health insurance. In spite of billions of dollars spent on medical research, much still remains unknown about many degenerative diseases. President Clinton and Congress have been wrestling with various approaches to providing medical care to additional people, while keeping costs under control.
Contemporary western medicine has for the most part focused on the treatment of diseases, rather than on their prevention. Medical schools primarily teach that prescription drugs are the most powerful tools doctors have for treating disease; diet and other lifestyle changes are almost never presented as therapeutic tools. Once a doctor enters medical practice the drug message is reinforced: drug companies give out free samples; virtually all the advertisements in medical journals are for prescription drugs; the bulk of medical literature relates to the use of drugs and drug comparisons. Hence, the generally accepted response to many diseases today is to prescribe medications first and perhaps recommend lifestyle changes as an afterthought.
Judaism's historic approach is fundamentally different from that of modern medicine. While treating sick people is certainly a Torah obligation, Judaism puts a priority on the prevention of disease.
The foundation for the Jewish stress on preventive medicine can be found by considering the verse in the Torah where G-d is described as the rofeh -- healer -- of the Israelites:
And He said: "If you will diligently harken to the voice of the L-rd, your G-d, and will do that which is right in His sight, and will give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon you which I put on the Egyptians; for I am the L-rd, your healer". (Exodus 15:26)
Rashi's commentary on this verse notes that this means:
I am the L-rd, your healer, and I teach you the Torah and the commandments in order that you may be saved from these diseases - like a physician who says to a man: "Do not eat this thing lest it will bring you into danger from this illness".
What are the implications for modern medicine? Just as G-d's healing role in the above Torah verse is to prevent illness, so too a physician must emulate the Divine role by emphasizing the prevention of illness. For we are obligated to "follow in G-d's ways" (Deuteronomy 11:22; Sotah 14a).
The following anecdote about Maimonides is instructive. During the period when Maimonides served as the royal physician of the Sultan of Egypt, the Sultan never became ill. One day the Sultan asked Maimonides:
"How do I know that you are an expert physician, since during the period that you have been here, I have never been ill, and you have not had the opportunity to test your skills?" Maimonides replied, "In truth, the great and faithful physician is the Holy One, Blessed Be He, as it is written, 'I am the L-rd, your healer.' And this Great and Faithful Physician was able to promise his people that because He is their Physician, He will be able to protect them from all the illnesses that were put on Egypt." Maimonides concluded, "Therefore, we learn that the ability of a physician to prevent illness is a greater proof of his skill, than his ability to cure someone who is already ill".
(Yalkut Lekach Tov, Shmot, B'Shalach)The Torah indicates another moral obligation which might demand that physicians take a greater interest in preventive medicine: "Do not stand idly by the blood of thy neighbor". (Leviticus 19:16) One is not supposed to remain passive if he/she sees another person in danger. For example, the Sages indicate, if one sees a person drowning or being attacked by robbers, he/she should do everything possible to rescue the person (Sanhedrin 73a). Based on this verse, the Chafetz Chaim, in his classical work Shemirot HaLashon, taught that one must not withhold information which can save another from death or any type of damage. The following Talmudic teaching reinforces this principle: "Those who have the capacity to eliminate a wrong and do not do so bear the responsibility for its consequences" (Shabbat 54b).
According to the above, it would seem that physicians should put far greater emphasis on preventive medicine, advising their patients about dangers related to smoking, high-fat diets, and other lifestyle choices.
It should not be assumed that the Torah places the entire responsibility of maintaining good health on physicians. In fact, our Sages have stated that the major responsibility falls on the individual. To take care of one's health is a mitzvah, and the Sages find this mandate implied in the words, "take heed to thyself and take care of your lives." (Deuteronomy 4:9) and, again, "be extremely protective of your lives (Deuteronomy 4:15).
Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch writes powerfully in his classic book, Horeb, in his explanation of the mitzvah of guarding our health:
Limiting our presumption against our own body, God's word calls to us: "Do not commit suicide!" "Do not injure yourself!" "Do not ruin yourself!" "Do not weaken yourself!" "Preserve yourself!" (p. 298)
You may not . . . in any way weaken your health or shorten your life. Only if the body is healthy is it an efficient instrument for the spirit's activity....Therefore you should avoid everything which might possibly injure your health. . . . And the law asks you to be even more circumspect in avoiding danger to life and limb than in the avoidance of other transgressions. (p.300)
Judaism regards life as the highest good, and we are obligated to protect it. An important Jewish principle is pikuach nefesh, the duty to preserve a human life. The Talmudic sages applied the principle "You shall therefore keep my statutes and ordinances, which if a man do he shall live by them" (Leviticus18:5) to all the laws of the Torah. Hence Jews are to be more particular about matters concerning danger to health and life than about ritual matters (Chulin 9a; Choshen Mishpat 427; Yoreh De'ah 116). If it could help save a life, one must (not may) violate the Sabbath, eat forbidden foods, and even eat on Yom Kippur. (Pesachim 25a) The only laws that cannot be violated to preserve a life are those prohibiting murder, idolatry, and sexual immorality. (Yoma 85b; Sanhedrin 74a)
Biblical medicine is unique because of its many regulations for social hygiene. Of Judaism's 613 commandments, 213 are of a medical nature (Encyclopedis Judaica, Vol. 11, p. 1179). Hygiene and prophylaxis became religious mandates designed for the preservation and well being of the nation. To keep military camps clean, latrines were established outside their bounds, and soldiers were equipped with spades with which they were to dig holes and cover their excrement (Deuteronomy 23: 13-15). Lepers and others who might spread serious diseases were excluded from the camp for specific quarantine periods (Leviticus 15:1-15; Numbers 5:1-4).
The rabbis also emphasized the importance of public measures to protect people's health. The Talmud states that no tannery, grave, or carcass may be placed within 50 ells of a human dwelling (Baba Batra 2:9), and stressed that streets and market areas be kept clean (Yalkut Shimoni 184). The sages declared it forbidden for a scholar to reside in a city that did not contain a public bath (Sanhedrin 17b).
Rabbinic literature also extended these hygienic teachings to individual behavior. The rabbis regarded the human body as a sanctuary (Ta'anit 11 a-b). They gave much advice on types of food conducive to good health (Hulin 84a, Berachot 40a) and stressed the importance of regular nutritious meals (Shabbat 140b). They mandated the one must wash one's face, hands, and feet daily in honor of one's Creator (Shabbat 50b), and also to wash one's hands on specific occasions, including after rising from bed each morning, and after urination and/or defecation (Sh. Ar., OH 4:18). It is an especially important mitzvah to wash hands before eating a meal. (Hulin 105 a-b; Sh. Ar., OH 158-165)
The seriousness that the rabbis put on the importance of proper individual hygiene for the preservation of health is illustrated by this anecdote from the life of Hillel:
Once when Hillel was leaving his disciples, they said to him: "Master, where are you going?" He replied: "to do a pious deed." They asked: "What may that be?" He replied: "To take a bath." They asked: "Is that a pious deed?" He replied: "Yes. If in the theaters and circuses, the images of the king must be kept clean by the man to whom they have been entrusted, how much more is it a duty of man to care for the body, since man has been created in the divine image and likeness." (Leviticus Rabbah 34:3)
In order to consider how to best put into practice the powerful Jewish teachings on the preservation of health, it would be valuable to have a dialogue involving Torah scholars, medical experts, nutritionists, and others with relevant expertise.
Brief Bibliography
Barnard, Neal D., M. D. The Power of Your Plate -- A Plan for Better Living. Summertown, Tennessee: Book Publishing Company. 1990. "Eating well for better health -- 17 experts tell you how!".
Diamond, Harvey and Marilyn Diamond. Fit For Life. New York: Warner Books, 1985. Introduction to natural hygiene. Many recipes, Best selling diet and health book ever.
Klaper, Michael, M. D. Pregnancy, Children, and the Vegan Diet. Clear, complete guide to nourishing and delicious vegan eating for pregnant women and young children.
Klaper, Michael, M. D. Vegan Nutrition: Pure and Simple. A thorough discussion of all aspects of vegan nutrition.
McDougall, John A., M. D and Mary A McDougall. The McDougall Plan. Piscataway, New Jersey: New Century Publishers, 1983. A gold mine of information on all aspects of nutrition. Recipes.
McDougall, John A., M. D. McDougall`s Medicine -- A Challenging Second Opinion. Piscataway, New Jersey: New Century Publishers, 1985. "The book that challenges the currently accepted treatments for cancer, osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis. atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension".
Ornish Dean, M. D. Dr. Dean Ornish`s Program for Reversing Heart Disease. New York: Ballantine, 1990. How heart disease can be reversed through a very low-fat diet, exercise, meditation, and stress reduction. Many appropriate recipes.
Robbins, John. Diet For a New America. Walpole, New Hampshire: Stillpoint Publishing, 1987. Extremely popular book that documents health, animal-rights, and ecological reasons for not eating flesh, eggs, and dairy foods.
Schwartz, Richard H. Judaism and Vegetarianism. Marblehead, Massachusetts: Micah Publications, 1988. The case for vegetarianism, from a Jewish perspective. Includes 37 questions and answers.
Notes
1. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, Horeb, Dayan Dr. I. Grunfeld, trans. (London: Soncino Press, 1962), Vol.2, pp. 299-300.
2. Chulin 9a; Choshen Mishpat 427; Yoreh De'ah 116.
3. Pesachim 25a; Maimonides, Yad, Yesode ha Torah, p. 7.
4. Yoma 85b; Sanhedrin 74a.
5. Rabbi J. H. Hirsch, The Pentateuch and Haftorahs (London: Soncino Press, 1958), p. 843.
6. Ibid.
7. Maimonides, Hilchot Rotze'ach, Chapter 11, part 4.
8. Ibid.
9. Quoted in Fred Rosner, Modern Medicine and Jewish Law (New York: Bloch, 1972), p. 28.
10. Ibid.
11. Sanhedrin 4:5
12. Shabbat 151b
13. Sefer Hasisim 724
14. Ta'anit 11a,b
15. Shabbat 140b
16. Chulin 84a; Avodah Zarah 11a
17. Shabbat 50b
18. Leviticus Rabbah 34:3
19. Yalkut Lekach Tov, Shmos, B'Shalach
20. Sanhedrin 73a
21. Vol. 2, Klall 9; Be'er Mayim Chayim
22.Shabbat 54b
23. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, Horeb, Vol.2, pp. 299-300.
24. Ibid.
25. Mishneh Torah Hilchot Deot 4:1
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